MILAN — A U.S. P-8 Poseidon maritime patrol aircraft joined NATO allies this week in tracking German and Swedish submarines during a major anti-submarine warfare exercise in the Baltic Sea, highlighting the alliance’s growing focus on underwater operations in shallow waters.
The drill, part of NATO’s Playbook Merlin 2025, was led by Sweden and included forces from Germany, France, the Netherlands, and other NATO nations. German U-35 and Swedish Södermanland-class submarines took on the role of “hunted” targets, while surface ships, helicopters, and the P-8 aircraft practiced detection and tracking techniques using sonar and other advanced systems.
“This exercise focused on honing submarine hunting skills with the German and Swedish submarines playing the role of the hunted, while NATO forces rehearsed locating them using sonar and other detection techniques,” said Arlo Abrahamson, spokesperson for NATO’s Allied Maritime Command.
Context and Significance
Playbook Merlin has grown from a smaller-scale training initiative into a significant NATO exercise. Operating in the Baltic Sea presents unique challenges compared to the Atlantic or Mediterranean due to the region’s shallow average depth of just 54 meters, compared to the Mediterranean’s 1,500 meters. These conditions complicate traditional submarine detection and tracking, making exercises like this critical for operational readiness.
Sweden and Germany, as regional naval powers, played a central role in instructing non-Baltic NATO members on effective anti-submarine operations in this environment. The exercise comes amid heightened regional awareness following recent Russian submarine activity, including sightings off the French coast and within the Baltic Sea, underscoring the need for NATO to maintain robust undersea monitoring capabilities.
Exercise Details
In addition to the P-8 Poseidon, NATO deployed surface vessels and maritime helicopters from France and the Netherlands. Over several days, crews practiced coordinated operations designed to locate and track submerged vessels, simulating scenarios that could occur during real-world contingencies.
The P-8 Poseidon, specifically, provides advanced maritime surveillance, employing sonobuoys, magnetic anomaly detectors, and other sensors to locate submarines from the air. Its integration into the exercise demonstrated NATO’s ability to combine aerial, surface, and subsurface assets in complex maritime scenarios.
Expert Perspective
Anti-submarine warfare analysts note that exercises in the Baltic are strategically significant due to the narrow waterways and heavy naval traffic, which create both operational challenges and opportunities. “Shallow waters complicate sonar detection but also provide valuable training for NATO forces,” said a European defense analyst.
Looking Ahead
NATO officials emphasize that exercises like Playbook Merlin 2025 are designed to enhance interoperability and strengthen allied capabilities against emerging threats in the Baltic region. The alliance plans to continue expanding these exercises to refine tactical procedures and integrate new technologies.
