Finland Selects AIM-120D-3 Missile for F-35A Program
Finland has selected the AIM-120D-3 missile to arm its incoming F-35A fighter jets, marking a key step in the country’s largest defense modernization effort. The decision was confirmed in 2025 and aligns with Finland’s plan to fully equip its future fifth generation fighters with advanced beyond visual range air to air weapons.
The missile selection supports Finland’s HX Fighter Program, under which the Finnish Air Force will replace its aging F A 18 Hornet fleet with 64 Lockheed Martin F-35A Lightning II aircraft. Deliveries of the jets are scheduled to begin later this decade, with full operational capability expected in the early 2030s.
Strengthening Long Range Air Combat Capability
The AIM-120D-3 missile is the latest variant of the Advanced Medium Range Air to Air Missile family, widely known as AMRAAM. It offers extended range, improved guidance, and enhanced resistance to electronic countermeasures compared to earlier versions.
By choosing the AIM-120D-3 missile, Finland ensures that its F-35A fleet will be capable of engaging hostile aircraft at long distances while operating in contested airspace. The missile uses active radar homing and advanced data link features, allowing it to receive mid course updates from the launching aircraft or other networked platforms.
The AIM-120D-3 missile is already in service with the United States Air Force and several allied nations, making it a standard weapon within NATO air forces.
Background on Finland’s F-35A Acquisition
Finland selected the F-35A in 2021 after a multi year competition involving several advanced fighter aircraft. The decision was driven by the F-35’s stealth design, sensor fusion, and ability to operate as part of a wider network of air and ground assets.
As a NATO member sharing a long border with Russia, Finland places strong emphasis on air defense, rapid response, and deterrence. The combination of the F-35A and the AIM-120D-3 missile supports these goals by providing high survivability and strong first shot capability.
Weapons integration is a critical part of the F-35 program, and the AIM-120 family has long been considered the backbone of Western beyond visual range air combat.
Technical Overview of the AIM-120D-3 Missile
The AIM-120D-3 missile builds on earlier AMRAAM variants with several upgrades. These include improved kinematics for longer engagement ranges, more accurate navigation, and software updates that enhance performance against maneuvering targets.
The missile is designed to operate in high threat environments, including those with heavy jamming. When paired with the F-35’s advanced sensors and low observable profile, the AIM-120D-3 missile can be launched without alerting enemy radar systems until late in the engagement.
This capability allows pilots to detect, track, and engage threats while remaining difficult to detect themselves.
Interoperability With NATO and Allied Forces
One of the key advantages of selecting the AIM-120D-3 missile is interoperability. Many NATO members operate both the F-35 and earlier fighter aircraft armed with AMRAAM missiles. This allows allied air forces to share targeting data and coordinate engagements during joint operations.
Finland’s choice supports seamless integration with allied air policing missions, joint exercises, and collective defense operations. It also simplifies logistics, training, and sustainment over the long term.
The AIM-120D-3 missile can be carried internally by the F-35A, preserving the aircraft’s stealth profile, or externally when stealth is less critical.
Industrial and Program Considerations
The AIM-120D-3 missile is produced by RTX, formerly known as Raytheon Technologies. Production and sustainment are supported through U.S. government managed foreign military sales frameworks, which Finland already uses for other defense acquisitions.
While specific contract values for the missile purchase were not disclosed, the selection is consistent with previously approved U.S. export clearances for advanced AMRAAM variants to Finland.
The missile procurement is expected to progress alongside aircraft deliveries to ensure the Finnish Air Force can reach initial operational capability without delays.
What Comes Next for the Finnish Air Force
As F-35A deliveries approach, Finland will continue to finalize its weapons mix, training pipelines, and basing infrastructure. Alongside the AIM-120D-3 missile, the F-35A is expected to carry a range of air to ground munitions and short range air to air missiles.
The integration of the AIM-120D-3 missile marks another milestone in Finland’s transition to a fifth generation air combat force. Once operational, the new fleet will significantly enhance national air defense and contribute to regional security in Northern Europe.
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